2 Samuel 13:19

Authorized King James Version

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And Tamar put ashes on her head, and rent her garment of divers colours that was on her, and laid her hand on her head, and went on crying.

Original Language Analysis

וַתִּקַּ֨ח put H3947
וַתִּקַּ֨ח put
Strong's: H3947
Word #: 1 of 17
to take (in the widest variety of applications)
תָּמָ֥ר And Tamar H8559
תָּמָ֥ר And Tamar
Strong's: H8559
Word #: 2 of 17
tamar, the name of three women and a place
אֵ֙פֶר֙ ashes H665
אֵ֙פֶר֙ ashes
Strong's: H665
Word #: 3 of 17
ashes
עַל H5921
עַל
Strong's: H5921
Word #: 4 of 17
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
רֹאשָׁ֔הּ on her head H7218
רֹאשָׁ֔הּ on her head
Strong's: H7218
Word #: 5 of 17
the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
וּכְתֹ֧נֶת her garment H3801
וּכְתֹ֧נֶת her garment
Strong's: H3801
Word #: 6 of 17
a shirt
הַפַּסִּ֛ים of divers colours H6446
הַפַּסִּ֛ים of divers colours
Strong's: H6446
Word #: 7 of 17
a long and sleeved tunic (perhaps simply a wide one; from the original sense of the root, i.e., of many breadths)
אֲשֶׁ֥ר H834
אֲשֶׁ֥ר
Strong's: H834
Word #: 8 of 17
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc
עָלֶ֖יהָ H5921
עָלֶ֖יהָ
Strong's: H5921
Word #: 9 of 17
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
קָרָ֑עָה and rent H7167
קָרָ֑עָה and rent
Strong's: H7167
Word #: 10 of 17
to rend, literally or figuratively (revile, paint the eyes, as if enlarging them)
וַתָּ֤שֶׂם that was on her and laid H7760
וַתָּ֤שֶׂם that was on her and laid
Strong's: H7760
Word #: 11 of 17
to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)
יָדָהּ֙ her hand H3027
יָדָהּ֙ her hand
Strong's: H3027
Word #: 12 of 17
a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v
עַל H5921
עַל
Strong's: H5921
Word #: 13 of 17
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
רֹאשָׁ֔הּ on her head H7218
רֹאשָׁ֔הּ on her head
Strong's: H7218
Word #: 14 of 17
the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
הָל֖וֹךְ on H1980
הָל֖וֹךְ on
Strong's: H1980
Word #: 15 of 17
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
הָל֖וֹךְ on H1980
הָל֖וֹךְ on
Strong's: H1980
Word #: 16 of 17
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
וְזָעָֽקָה׃ crying H2199
וְזָעָֽקָה׃ crying
Strong's: H2199
Word #: 17 of 17
to shriek (from anguish or danger); by analogy, (as a herald) to announce or convene publicly

Analysis & Commentary

And Tamar put ashes on her head, and rent her garment of divers colours that was on her, and laid her hand on her head, and went on crying.

This verse contributes to the narrative of Amnon and Tamar, emphasizing unresolved sin, family breakdown. Amnon's rape of Tamar and Absalom's revenge illustrate how unresolved sin metastasizes into family-wide dysfunction. David's failure to discipline Amnon (possibly from guilt over his own sexual sin) enabled further tragedy. Hebrew terminology emphasizes Tamar's desolation and Absalom's calculated hatred. The narrative demonstrates intergenerational sin consequences and the necessity of proper justice administration.

Historical Context

The historical setting of 2 Samuel 13 occurs during David's reign (circa 1010-970 BCE) over Israel's united monarchy. Archaeological discoveries, including the Tel Dan inscription mentioning the 'House of David,' corroborate biblical historicity. Ancient Near Eastern customs regarding unresolved sin, family breakdown provide crucial background. The geopolitical situation involved regional powers—Philistines, Ammonites, Arameans, Moabites, Edomites—as David consolidated and expanded Israel's territory. Cultural practices concerning kingship, warfare, covenant relationships, family dynamics, and religious observance differed significantly from modern Western contexts, requiring careful attention to avoid anachronistic interpretation while extracting timeless theological principles applicable across cultures and eras.

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